The Definition of a Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (ULEV)

ULEV is an acronym for Ultra Low Emission Vehicle. ULEVs release emissions that are 50 percent cleaner than the current average years models. ULEVs take the LEV, Low Emission Vehicle, standard a step further but dont yet qualify for Super-Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle (SULEV)  status. Although already a concept in car manufacturers wheelhouse, the rise in popularity of ULEV vehicles came after a ruling by the California courts in 2004 that all new cars sold in the state must have at least a LEV rating. Similar measures passed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on vehicle emissions regulations have also given rise to the popularity of eco-friendly vehicles.   Origins of Low Emissions As a result of the EPAs 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970, light-duty vehicle manufacturing began to undergo a phased implementation of cleaner emissions standards. Typically restricting the output of too much carbon monoxide, non-methane organic gasses, oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde, and particulate matter, these regulations sought to downsize the carbon footprint of the automobile industry in the United States. The phases of this plan rolled out Tier 1 classifications from 1994 through 1999 with Tier 2 implemented from 2004 to 2009.   As part of Californias 2004 low-emissions vehicle initiative, which provided much stricter regulations for qualifying as a low-emission vehicle, the tiers were further broken down into six sub-classifications: Transitional Low-Emissions Vehicles (TLEV), LEV, ULEV, SULEV, Partial-Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) and Zero Emissions Vehicle (ZEV). In 2009, President Barack Obama announced a new initiative to further decrease emissions outputs for American auto consumers. This included expanding the classifications definitions as well as standardizing Californias 2004 bill as a federally mandated program, requiring manufacturers to produce a net emissions output of their vehicles (meaning the combined average of each vehicles emissions rating) that equaled  more than 35.5 miles per gallon. Common Examples The number of ULEVs on the road has exponentially increased annually since 1994, though it wasnt until the 2010s that the market for LEVs really took off. Still, decades of experience have taught car manufacturers one thing: eco sells. More and more, companies are rushing to meet requirements for their vehicles to qualify as LEVs.   Examples of these Ultra-Low Emissions Vehicles have begun cropping up more and more frequently starting with 2007s Honda Odyssey minivan, the 2007  Chevrolet  Malibu Maxx and the 2007  Hyundai Accent. Prices are typically midrange for these mid-range low-emissions autos, encouraging more consumers to be eco-conscious with their driving habits.   Fortunately, the advent of such fuel economy measuring tools as the instant fuel economy display  also helps further combat fuel waste by alerting drivers to the real-time miles per gallon fuel consumption their car requires to operate given the drivers handling of the vehicle. Most cars produced in the United States now qualify at the very least as LEVs, with emissions across the board now down to less than one percent of emissions allowed in the U.S. in the 1960s.   Soon, hopefully, we will move further away from gasoline-reliant vehicles and instead switch to electric or hydro-powered engines.

Homeland Security And Homeland Terrorism - 1206 Words

Homeland security can be seen as a loosely based term as it is still a relatively new area of the United States strategy. Since its creation, post September 11, 2001, there has been a plethora of additions and revisions. The homeland mission lies not only within a specific agency, but demands collected participation from U.S. agencies and foreign entities to remain strong, efficient and innovative. One can examine homeland security as having the responsibility of maintaining and protecting the United States by keeping focus within the U.S. while homeland defense is responsible for maintaining the U.S. by keeping focus outside the U.S. Homeland security and homeland defense are different, but both can assist each other in certain aspects. The following paragraphs will compose of accurate definitions regarding homeland security, homeland defense and in end will discuss an in depth summary of the critical infrastructure program. These mentioned areas each have a requirement to be tr eated as specific in nature in order to not sacrifice their specific definition. Homeland Security â€Å"Homeland security is focused on terrorism in the United States†¦Terrorists can be U.S. citizens or foreigners, acting in concert with others, on their own, or on behalf of a hostile state.† (Goss, 2006). The previous statement, according to Thomas Goss, was intended to provide a simple and vivid description of homeland security. The key words within the statement are â€Å"focused on terrorism in theShow MoreRelatedTerrorism And The Homeland Security1511 Words   |  7 Pages In homeland security they have many strategies to help protect the United States. Whether it is preventing a terrorist attack, or preventing a natural disaster. Homeland security has a strategy to make sure that everything works out. Now to give a brief background, President George Bush came up with the national homeland security strategy in July, 2002 after the attack of September, 11th. â€Å"The strategy set forth overall objectives to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduceRead MoreTerrorism and Homeland Security1138 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism and Homeland Security Answer to Question 2 Hamas was founded in 1987 and its aim was to address Palestinian quest for nation statehood and their consequent grievances (Herzog, 2006). The writer explains that the name is acronym in Arabic for Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya or the Islamic Resistance Movement. The groups ideology, the writer explains was outlined in its covenant of 1998. The covenant stipulates that the land of Palestine is an Islamic endowment. It stipulates that theRead MoreTerrorism Prevention And The Homeland Security1793 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Shortly after 9/11 there was a much needed change in the concept of homeland security in America. Terrorism drastically evolved, and stapled tried and true practices that were set in place were not effective any more. These types of attack trigger an analysis that is required to close the loopholes where threats could emerge. Ideas like using a Boeing 747 as a weapon was never seen until that day. While there were security checkpoints were in place to prevent attacks at the airport, a much neededRead MoreDepartment Of Homeland Security And Terrorism1517 Words   |  7 PagesDEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY The events that occurred on September 11th, 2001, changed the United States and the rest of the world. President George W. Bush declared a war on terrorism on national television, during a joint session of Congress on September 20th, 2001. The President’s words echoed the cries of this country and during his speech he went step-by-step in his explanation of the events and actions moving forward. After explaining to the nation the details of the events that occurredRead MoreHomeland Security1085 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY HOMELAND SECUIRTY Brittany Staley HLSS302: Paper #2 May 11, 2014 In the years since 9/11, homeland security has turn out to be frequently and generally identified as both a word and as a Federal department. However, a large amount has been learned since 9/11 concerning the array of further challenges we face. Hurricane Katrina strongly illustrates the general impact of weak preparedness andRead MoreRole Of The Department Of Homeland Security1659 Words   |  7 Pagesthe United States . The creation of many anti-terrorism organizations was a clear message that this threat is beyond a single military or intelligence capacity. Our citizens demanded a strong response that would prevent any future terrorist threat. President Bush created the Department of Homeland Security as the key agency responsible for all anti-terrorism activities to protect our homeland. Government officials and law makers introduced anti-terrorism laws and measures to allow key intelligenceRead MoreTerrorism during the 9/11 Attack and Afterwards1476 Words   |  6 PagesOver t he many years the earth has existed so has violence, extremely dangerous forms of violence known as terrorism are very prominent today. Terrorism has been around since separate nations were created long ago; these nations fought over who was the strongest or who had the right viewpoint or even over who should control certain lands. Though most everyone has heard about some form of terrorist activity during their lifetime, it was brought to the forefront of every American citizen’s mind afterRead MoreHomeland Security: Theory and Practice691 Words   |  3 PagesHomeland security: Theory and practice The creation of the Department of Homeland Security was an unusual development in the history of American government. It was established in the wake of the attacks upon the Pentagon and World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. The ability of terrorists to perpetuate the attacks was blamed, at least in part, upon a failure of law enforcement agencies to pool information and other failures of intelligence-gathering. The Department was created to rectify thoseRead MoreAmerican National Interests: The Mission of Homeland Security1298 Words   |  5 Pageslevel are the successful war on terrorism, adequate Homeland security and the fast rising unemployment rate as an aftermath of the recession. Homeland security is entrusted with ensuring that the local population within the USA borders is all safe at all times and this includes adequate preparation for any emergency, safety of each member of the community during and after an emergency. The jurisdiction of the Homeland security is quite wide, ranging from border security, aviation safety, emergencyRead MoreTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesAngela Brown Professor Miller English 112 13 Sept 2015 Terrorism Many of us will embrace our loved ones before leaving our homes to start a hectic workday. As we hug our children and kiss our spouses goodbye, the thought of losing them, or our lives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-Qaeda

School Programs For Kids Of Just About All Ages - 1649 Words

Any parent would be skeptical about sending his or her child to just any after-school program. First comes the research about the different types of programs and then visiting unusual places not really knowing what to truly except. Past all the skepticism, there are many beneficial after-school programs for kids of just about all ages. The most evident benefit of these programs is that children get extra help with their schoolwork/homework. The less than obvious are things like social skill building or their own understanding of how valuable their future is. These after-school programs aren’t just beneficial to the kids, but to their parents and the community as a whole. The benefits for parents are much greater when they are involved in†¦show more content†¦Watching that child grow and become everything you ever imagined is even better, for most parents at least. There are some parents who chose to detach themselves from being involved in their child’s life, w hich could ultimately be very disadvantageous to their entire life. Coming across an article, published onto the website MomJunction, entitled â€Å"How Does Uninvolved Parenting Affect Your Child?† She elaborates on just how detrimental it can be. The author, Deeksha Awasthi, goes through the article to clarify the ways â€Å"neglectful† parenting can affect the children and the characteristics of a detached parent. One aspect of the passage that sticks out goes to read,† As parents pay no attention, children cannot choose a right path for themselves. The child ends up being disillusioned†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this statement is one clear reason parents need to stay involved (Awasthi, 2017). Needless to say, this doesn’t mean that these parents intend on becoming neglectful. Some parents unfortunately can’t make ample time to become involved as they are also trying to make ends meet. That could ultimately be where a great after-school program could come int o play. Placing your child in an excellent after-school program helps you, your child, and the family as a whole. An even better benefit would be becoming a part of the organization you are putting your child in. Volunteering at the organization ensures that you, and that child get that bonding time that he or she may not be receiving atShow MoreRelatedBullying Is A Real Problem1065 Words   |  5 PagesBullying In this paper I will be talking about how bullying is a real problem in our world and in our schools today. There are so many ways of bullying now a days. Now that there is new technology people can use cyberbullying because they can say whatever they want, but they don t have to say it too there faces. They can just go online and use their words to hurt people. people. Then, there is the old school bullying like you see in the movies. The victim that is getting bullied is two afraidRead MoreYouth Violence And Its Effect On Children1637 Words   |  7 Pagesteenage years of a child. When talking about youth violence, the child may not only be an offender but they can be a victim of violence as well. Bullying, punching, slapping, kicking, teasing, and verbal abuse are all behaviors and forms of mistreatment that can harm someone both physically and emotionally. These acts can occur at home, school, afterschool programs, and even among friends. Some parents tend to overlook the impo rtance of youth violence among their kids. In some cases the parents aren’tRead MoreThe Three Main Types of Bullying890 Words   |  4 Pagesmiddle school and high school students and still remains a prevalent issue. Unfortunately it is very hard to try to pinpoint and even accuse bullies because of the various types. The three main types of bulling are: overt bullying, indirect/relational bullying and cyber bullying (Bauman 2008). In this paper I plan on addressing all three types of bullying and two solutions that I have found to prevent bullying. I will also address the advantages and disadvantages of those solutions and talk about whichRead MoreSex Education Programs Vs. Abstinence Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagestheir everyday life. Kids are growing up too fast too soon. They are facing situations and making decisions that will affect them for the rest of their lives. Among one of the most pressing issues they have to deal with is the risk of dangerous sexual behaviors and early pregnancies. Sex education programs in schools are clashing over comprehensive-sex education programs versus abstinence-only education programs. Abstinence-only programs not only instill morals, but the program helps prevent sex beforeRead MoreEssay on Baby DJ School898 Words   |  4 Pagesmusic†. The educational experience of Baby DJ School is a portal into the wonderful worlds of electro, hip-hop, and house music. Baby DJ school originated in Brooklyn, New York and was opened by Natalie Elizabeth Weiss, DJ, composer and playwright. She opened the school in order to â€Å"attribute gross and fine motor skills, spatial reasoning, and language skills and foster a special bond between caretaker and baby.† The school provides an interactive music program for toddlers and teaches them how to makeRead More Big Brothers Essay943 Words   |  4 Pagesno grandparents to do things with. These children are the ones that spend their afternoons in crowded after school programs where they may not get the attention the crave. This may lead to isolation and oppositely over hyperactive children starved for attention. In other cases, some children who are not so fortunate as to be offered after-school programs are subject to the world outside all on their own. In too many cases, these are the children that become statistics. These are the children who turnRead MoreBullying in Schools Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesBullying in Schools: Every second and minute of the day a kid is bullied. Bullying is something that is not only happening here in the U.S. but all over the world. We need to put a stop to! As parents, school educators, and a community we need to stand up to bullies and give kids who are being bullied an outlet to reach out for help. According to No Bully.com bullying is defined as a form of repeated aggression that is directed by one or more people towards another person. One of the biggestRead MoreShould Students Learn A New Language?1320 Words   |  6 Pagesworld often learn a second language early on in their school careers, often having English as a popular choice for other countries. The same cannot be said about American schools unfortunately. There have been countless debates on whether or not schools in the U.S, should offer more programs for elementary schools so kids can be more exposed to acquiring linguistic skills and thus make it more facile to be more fluent later on in their school careers. Children should learn a new language as not onlyRead MoreKey Components Of School Strategy1031 Words   |  5 PagesKey components of school strategy are â€Å"based on behavioral theory and knowledge of risk and protective factors, developmentally appropriate information about alcohol and other drugs, d evelopment of personal, social, and resistance skills, emphasis on normative education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, and culture sensitivity. (â€Å"School Strategies†)† Schools play an important role in the prevention of drinking because this is where peer pressure and trying to fit in really comes in to play. Along with school strategy there isRead MoreHealthy Kids Hunger Free Act1321 Words   |  6 PagesThink back; is there a school lunch that comes to mind? There may have been at least one school lunch that the lunch ladies would dish up that made a majority of the students excited to eat. Kids that routinely brought their super-hero lunch-box and thermos would leave it at home and jump in line for pizza or burgers and fries. Kids were also allowed to go back for â€Å"seconds† and for some students, it was the greatest meal of the week, including what their family served at home. The federal government

Essay on Reflecting on the Dead - 1439 Words

Reflecting on the Dead In Katherine Mansfield’s â€Å"The Garden Party† and in D.H. Lawrence’s â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums,† two women were in a situation where death was literally at their feet. In â€Å"The Garden Party,† Laura finds herself contemplating the dead body of Mr. Scott, a man of lower class who lived at the bottom of the hill from her house. In â€Å"Odour of Chrysanthemums,† Elizabeth finds herself contemplating the dead body of her husband, Walter. Although the relationships these women shared with the dead men were completely opposite, they both had striking similarities in the ways that they handled the situation. Both women ignored the feelings of the families of the deceased, failed to refer to the deceased by name, felt shame in the†¦show more content†¦Obviously this was not a concern with the overall well-being of her children. It was merely a way to prevent the shock of seeing their dead father before they have been told of his p assing. Furthermore, the mother-in-law was also denied any sympathy from Elizabeth. Although Elizabeth acknowledged the mother-in-law â€Å"moaning† (Mansfield 2327) in her grief, she never expressed concern for the mother-in-law’s well-being. She was so caught up in her own feelings that she failed to consider her family. Although the family of the deceased was Elizabeth’s family and Laura had no relation to Mr. Scott or his family, both women showed only concern for themselves and no one else. In the presence of the dead men, Laura and Elizabeth never referred to the deceased by their names. In â€Å"The Garden Party,† Laura didn’t call Mr. Scott by his name. Throughout the story he was just referred to as â€Å"the man†. When Laura was standing over Mr. Scott, she still thought of him as â€Å"a young man† and simply â€Å"him† (Mansfield 2433). Despite Laura’s concern over his death, he was still of a lower class than her and not a part of her upper class world. The cottages around where Mr. Scott and his family lived were described as â€Å"disgusting and sordid,† and Laura used the word â€Å"creature† (Mansfield 2429) when referring to the widow and her sister. This suggests that she felt that Mr. Scott and his family were not thought of as people with names. To Laura they were creatures whoShow MoreRelatedTraditional Conservatism and New Right1019 Words   |  5 Pagesfragile set of relationships between and am ongst its parts. The whole is therefore more than just its individual parts. This implies that the individual cannot be separated from society, but is part of the social groups that nurture him or her, reflecting the dependent and security-seeking tendencies within human nature. Organic societies are fashioned ultimately by natural necessity, and therefore cannot be ‘improved’ by reform or revolution. Indeed, reform or revolution is likely to destroy theRead MoreComparison Of Halloween And Dia De Los Muertos729 Words   |  3 Pagesthere own different ways. Halloween and Day of the Dead can be similar but on the bottom line they are very different by the way they decorate, what they eat, and how they celebrate the holidays. The two holidays may seem similar at first but after understanding the complexity of the ideas behind both holidays actions, your opinion can change. For example during Halloween some kids might go trick or treating but in Mexico during the Day of t he Dead, people would go to grave sites and have picnics withRead MoreThe Death of Nelson Mandela and the Asian Tsunami Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagesstand still which signifies the power and the effect that this man had on the world. I will be discussing a few media institutes reflecting their findings and presenting it to the public. 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Tennyson leans heavily on imagery and repetition to create a sense of despair and misery and focuses on the background to create the world MarianaRead MorePoetry Analysis: The Vacuum1171 Words   |  5 Pagesordeal after losing her; â€Å"the vacuum cleaner sulks in the closet† (line 2), â€Å"Because there is old filth everywhere/She used to crawl, in the corner and under the stair† (lines 11-12), â€Å"its mouth/grinning into the floor, maybe at my slovenly life, my dog-dead youth† (lines 3-4) and â€Å"biting at air† (line 15). The first type of personification refers to the vacuum showing attributes of a human being, who â€Å"sulks†. It can be assumed that since the death of his wife, the vacuum is no longer being used, andRead MoreSimilarities Between Frankenstein And Huckleberry Finn831 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein, and Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn. What do they have in common? 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Rehabilitation Of Multi Level Surgery Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(112) " beginning of the 4th month from which point the relentless hurting decreased but persisted till the 6th month\." Multilevel surgery ( MLS ) is employed to pull off multiple joint malformations in kids with intellectual paralysis. No studies exist associating to the community-based rehabilitation issues that affect the MLS results. Therefore, we retrospectively analysed instance studies of 3 kids who had undergone MLS comparing their pre and station operative pace and motor maps utilizing Gross Motor Functional Measures ( GMFM ) and Edinburg Visual Gait Scores ( EVGS ) that are simple clinical result steps instead than instrumented pace analysis. We will write a custom essay sample on Rehabilitation Of Multi Level Surgery Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now All kids achieved independent standing within 1 twelvemonth postoperatively. They all experienced neuropathic and complex regional hurting syndrome ( CRPS ) following surgery and later developed stringency in iliopsoas, hamstring and IT bands. Each had trunk hypotonus, which hindered nucleus stableness and compromised their pace and position. It was observed that bole hypotonus, CRPS, nervus stretching hurting, return of stringency and decreased nucleus stableness negatively affected pace. EVGA appeared more sensitive to observe alterations in functional betterment than GMFM following MLS, hence EVGS can used in the community to quantify alterations in pace after MLS. Introduction Cerebral paralysis ( CP ) , a non-progressive cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) disorder bounds normal motor development and contributes to postural abnormalcies ( ref ) . Primary damages seen in kids with CP are increased musculus tone and failing ( 1 ) leads to development of myostatic contractures and secondary skeletal tortuosity malformations ( 2 ) . Such contractures are typically managed with surgery in order to heighten mobility and map. Multi degree surgery ( MLS ) , an orthopedic attack to surgically realine unnatural articulation angles is performed with an purpose to bettering pace in ambulatory kids with CP. It has been defined as a process affecting one or both limbs, including at least three articulations ( 3-5 ) . Following MLS, important betterment in the pace and kinematics are observed with instrumented pace analysis, which include care of articulatio genus musculus power ( 6 ) , increased power coevals at hip and mortise joint, increased pelvic joust and articulatio genus scope of motion ( ROM ) and improved ankle map ( 7 ) , gait velocity, stance limb stableness and an unhampered swing stage of the opposite limb ( 8 ) . However, instrumented pace analysis is non executable in the community, hence, clinician require simple and cost-efficient and simple result steps. Gross Motor Functional Measures ( GMFM ) and Edinburg Visual Gait Score ( EVGS ) that are simple to measure hold been found to possess good dependability and cogency in kids with CP ( 9-12 ) . However, to our cognition there is no literature analyzing issues related to the postoperative rehabilitation following MLS within the community such as postural tone and return of stringency for kids with CP indicated by GMFM and EVGS. A s there is limited figure of kids with CP treated with MLS we retrospectively analysed 3 instance studies and investigated the factors that influenced results whilst being treated within a community scene. Case studies From 2005 to 2006, three male kids diagnosed with spastic diplegic CP from Cambridgeshire Community Services had MLS. They underwent extended postoperative physical therapy for at least one twelvemonth. Two hebdomads after MLS, they were discharged from infirmary and re-admitted 6-8 hebdomads subsequently for 2 hebdomads of intensive physical therapy intervention. Initial rehabilitation in the community was commenced from 3rd hebdomad and focused on obtaining full scope of inactive motion, in add-on to deriving strength and motor control in the operated limbs. Our kids were treated twice hebdomadally for the first 4 months, whilst the frequence of farther therapy ( for up to 1 twelvemonth ) was dictated by the persons rate of patterned advance in motor public presentation. Subsequently, they were reviewed at 3-4 months intervals and ongoing rehabilitation was directed toward specific job work outing as they arose. All kids reached their pre-operative functional degree within 12 month s following MLS. All these topics were assessed in the community utilizing GMFM and EVGS prior to and 4 old ages after MLS. ( table- 1 ) . Case 1 JD, a 12 twelvemonth old athleticss oriented male child with normal evident knowledge and go toing mainstream school had undergone strength continuing MLS integrating bilateral femoral derotation osteotomy, bilateral medial hamstring release, bilateral rectus femur transportation, bilateral prolongation of gastrocnemius and prolongation of right adductors. Community-based physical therapy rehabilitation programme was commenced from the 3rd hebdomad post- surgery. Full ROM was achieved in all articulations after 2 months but deficiency of hip and knee active extension at the terminal scope associated with increased sympathetic activity and hypersensitivity in the pess limited the gait of rehabilitation. He suffered from complex regional hurting syndrome ( CRPS ) between the 2nd and 4th month and was treated with anodynes. He achieved independent standing after 5 months, progressed to walk without splints ( immature pace ) by the 7th month whilst return of bilateral stringency in the h amstrings and TA was noted at 10th months. JD continued to hold trunk hypotonicity and his returns of hamstring and ( iliotibial set ) ITB stringency and hip extensor failing were managed through supervised exercising programme at place and school. JD discontinued leg splints and his limb length disagreement ( LLD ) was managed with a shoe rise. A important betterment in pace and position following MLS was achieved and this was supported through EVGS mark and the disappearing of spasticity reflected by normal articulatio genus and mortise joint physiological reactions. Case 2 JS, a 15 twelvemonth old male child with mild larning troubles go toing particular school had undergone a individual event MLS integrating bilateral Intramuscular psoas prolongation, adductor longus prolongation, bilateral hamstring lengthening without rectus femur transportations, bilateral transdermal prolongation of the Achilles sinew. After initial discharge from infirmary he was readmitted for 2 farther hebdomads due to unbearable nervus stretching hurting and was treated with anodynes. He was really dying, lacked dark slumber and his parents found it difficult to get by up with his hurting. Despite medicines his sudden and self-generated pes hurting and hypersensitivity prevented his active engagement in therapy Sessionss. Consecutive bivalved projecting to stretch hamstring musculuss was performed at the beginning of the 4th month from which point the relentless hurting decreased but persisted till the 6th month. You read "Rehabilitation Of Multi Level Surgery Health And Socia l Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" JS stood and walked independently by the seventh month. Trunk hypotonus limited his unsloped position and a subsequent development of hamstring and ITB stringency was noted at the 9th month. Despite regular therapy hamstring stringency has progressed farther but he has maintained independent mobility. The GMFM station surgery mark showed little impairment but the EVGS demonstrated an improved pace mark. Case 3 MT, a 13 twelvemonth old male child with limited motive go toing mainstream school had undergone initial left femoral derotation osteotomy a month before MLS. MLS incorporated left hamstring prolongation, left rectus femur transportation, left transdermal TA prolongation and right vulpius slide. Following surgery MT experienced leg nervus stretching hurting, CRPS in the left pes and he was treated with anodynes. He was made to partly weight bear with splints at the tenth hebdomad and he walked within a parallel saloon at the beginning of the 6th month. Independent standing was reached at 7th month but unsloped position and independent mobility was delayed due to miss of full articulatio genus extension scope, bole hypotonus, hapless nucleus stableness, LLD and sustained failing in hip, articulatio genus and mortise joint musculuss. A spinal stableness wrap and an exercising programme to stretch tight musculuss to better nucleus stableness provided limited betterment in position. MT h ad hapless ankle stableness due to pick pronation after MLS and this was managed with AFOs. After 1 twelvemonth he developed hip and articulatio genus flexor stringency and began to utilize an cubitus crutch. Discussion: Muscle tone: All three kids had trunk hypotonicity and they re-established their crookback position after MLS. Spinal humpback is positively associated with posterior pelvic joust and the corresponding development of stringency in hip and articulatio genus flexor musculuss. Despite regular physical therapy, topics developed moderate stringency in both hamstring and iliopsoas musculuss. MLS is focused upon rectification of spasticity-related biomechanical abnormalcies and it was ill-defined that bole hypotonus and its consequence on position and mobility had been taken into consideration before MLS. Borghuis et Al ( 2008 ) suggested that reduced nervous thrust leads to the development of active stiffness and co-contraction in bole musculuss, thereby impacting nucleus stableness ( 13 ) . It is proposed that CP kids who have trunk hypotonia set up postural stableness through selective stiffness of hip flexors muscles that triggers perennial stringency in iliopsoas followed by hamstring musculuss within 1 twelvemonth after MLS. Consistent with this hypothesis we observed that the badness of bole hypotonus has a negative influence on rehabilitation result of MLS reflected through decreased pelvic stableness and hapless position. It is interesting to observe that one topic demonstrated normal articulatio genus and mortise joint dork physiological reactions following MLS that incorporated musculus angle resetting, bespeaking normal musculus profile in spastic musculuss. This observation supports the impression that spasticity, a gravitation dependent CNS characteristic tends to switch its kineticss if musculus orientation changed. It is further supported by the observation of Patikas et Al ( 2007 ) that the EMG form of lower limb musculuss were comparatively normalised following MLS ( 14 ) . However, this was non the instance in the other two topics in which there were no alterations in stretch physiological reaction responses. This could be due to inadequate prolonga tion of hamstring that compromised the orientation of musculus pull angle following MLS, hence no alterations in musculus tone. Stringency: Complete articulatio genus extension was non surgically obtained in two kids and undistinguished betterments in articulatio genus extension was attained through consecutive casting. This resulted in trouble in accomplishing unsloped position and they retained little flexure in the hips and articulatio genuss during weight bearing. This places quadriceps musculuss in weak and automatically deprived place against the sawed-off hamstring musculuss. It may besides restrict the chances for sarcomeres lengthening of developing and wasted vastus medialis due to deficient articulatio genus extension scope even after MLS. These topics took longer to accomplish independent mobility, developed hamstring stringency and scored lower in EVGS postoperatively. This is in understanding with Gannotti ( 2007 ) , who reported development of stringency and impairment of motor accomplishments following MLS in kids with CP ( 15 ) . The other topic who had full articulatio genus extension in one leg and mild articulatio genus flexure in the other leg showed important betterment in pace position and map, proposing that accomplishing complete articulatio genus extension surgically is a important factor for better long-run MLS results. On the contrary, Adolfsen et Al ( 2007 ) reported hyperextension of articulatio genus in mid-stance following MLS in his survey and questioned the indicants for hamstring prolongation ( 16 ) . Our observation back up the position that complete articulatio genus extension is indispensable for the better result following MLS. Development of ITB stringency in MLS topics has non reported earlier and we found that all our topics developed stringency in ITB along with hamstring musculuss which had an inauspicious consequence on their position and pelvic stableness. Previous research in both normal and athletic topics reported back hurting, ITB clash syndrome and other biomechanical abnormalcies followed by ITB stringency ( 17 ) , Therefore, we extend this to kids with CP A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s after MLS and suggest that integrating ITB stretching from the early phases of physical rehabilitation following MLS is be important to gait sweetening. As kids grow older, increased return rate of imposter myostatic contracture due to growing jet and the corresponding residuary pathological force generated in their weak spastic musculuss was observed. It is critical to keep musculus length and go oning regular stretching exercising programme to understate the return of stringency. Pain: Complex regional hurting syndrome ( CRPS ) is a common postoperative complication in lower limb surgery ( 18,19 ) . Two kids displayed CRPS symptoms which limited their cooperation and early weight bearing. All kids experienced neuropathic hurting and two of them experienced self-generated leg hurting discharge associated with intermittent cramp that lasted for at least 4 months following surgery. Lauder GR and White MC ( 2005 ) in their instance surveies acknowledged CRPS following MLS saying that TENS was a utile mode to pull off neuropathic hurting ( 20 ) . However, the current survey topics were neither orientated nor introduced to TENS postoperatively alternatively used anodynes for hurting alleviation. TENS could be a utile and cost effectual intervention mode to pull off postoperative hurting and CRPS in pediatric population in a community scene and this demand to be studied farther. Cognitive degree of topics was a factor finding the MLS result. Poor knowledge negatively affected their therapy programme conformity, motive to fall in with equals, hurting tolerance and engagement in early dynamic strength preparation exercisings. For case, a kid who was immature and had normal knowledge showed better consequences than an older opposite number with mild larning troubles. Outcome steps: All topics showed little alterations in GMFM mark but the positive betterment is relatively higher with EVGS. Although the GMFM has good inter and intra-rater dependability in CP ( 21,10 ) , the single dimensions of GMFM were non sensitive plenty to observe alterations in motor map in kids with CP ( Josenby, 2009 ) . Our observation suggests that GMFM may non be a suited tool to quantify the betterment after MLS for those who already scored more than 90 % preoperatively. We found EVGS a clinically utile and easy tool to objectively detect alterations in pace parametric quantities within the community. Therefore we propose that utilizing EVGS as an result steps in MLS may help the clinicians in the community to quantify the betterment in pace. Further research is required to find the sensitiveness, dependability and cogency of EVGS in MLS. Decision: From this instance analyze the writers observed that bole hypotonus, return of stringency in hamstring, IT set and iliopsoas and CRPS has an inauspicious consequence on kids who had undergone MLS. Despite this, all the kids showed betterment in mobility and the EVGS found to be a utile clinical appraisal tool than the GMFM to quantify gait betterment in the community. These decisions were drawn from a little group of kids, hence, farther probe of these factors and the usage of EVGS in MLS is required to find the rehabilitation result in the community. Table. 1. Pre and station operative GMFM and EVGS mark for each kid. EVGS GMFM Pre-operative Post-operative Pre- operative ( % ) Post- operative ( % ) Right Left Right Left JD 23 21 7 6 96.9 98.4 Joule 23 24 13 18 96.3 96.2 Meitnerium 19 21 17 15 93.0 96.0 Mean 21.7 22 12.3 13 95.4 96.9 How to cite Rehabilitation Of Multi Level Surgery Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Development free essay sample

The concept of sustainable growth presented by IUCN in 1980, is a concept of progress in finance where resources are used to take care of the needs of present age as well as for the upcoming generations . (Chattopadhyay and Carpenter 1991).It concerns conserving environment resources as a base for advancement and making policy. Security in tenureship in land and resources of all parts of society and particularly by poor has been identified as a critical enabling condition for this to occur.(Conroy 2006). Sustainability is important as we need to protect the future both for the planet as well as for the upcoming age. To achieve this, we can either move for vitality supplies that have no carbon discharge, or discover ways to use minimum energy.(Verbong and Geels 2010). Sustainability boundaries have developed different ways. Some of them come in the types of attitudinal, legitimate, administrative, and additionally budgetary boundaries.(Beck and Martinot 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on IUCN or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Education Institutions assume imperative role in the increasing of sustainability and an expanding number of stake holders anticipate that they will be sustainable associations. Be that as it may, this can just be accomplished when boundaries are confronted and challenges overcome.(A. Adams 2013). The scarcity of money related assets due to the decrease in financing for further studies and less number pupils in poor zone schools is the reason for fundamental obstacle to economical advancement in advanced education.(Barlett and Chase 2013).In the present scenario there is a noteworthy fight in the monetary and the ecological discussions. It requires adjustment of the ways of life in developed countries utilization designs diminishment. (Kerrigan 2001). As the earth dealt with assets which are easily available, the developed countries have utilized this to discharge a large portion of the worlds contamination.(Pearce and Atkinson 1993). Issues of sustainable improvement are established due to asset utilization andtheir dissemination as well as possession. Along these lines, an approach towards SD cant be surrounded in segregation to legislative issues and state directions.(Singh 2000).In reality as we know it where advancement relies upon a complicated set of global national monetary ties, any progression towards sustainability growth includes up till now uncertain issues and objections. (McMurtry 1999). It has been discovered the price of advancement is mostly endured by poor people yet the advantages are continually falling into the pockets of the rich.(Williamson 1999). This is additionally converted into universal relations where the underdeveloped nations over-extricate their assets to meet the prerequisites of the worldwide market beneath the weight of credit.(Milani 2000).Accomplishment of SD depends on the limit advancement in the developing nations and ecological administration. The fundamental intention is to build up better administration hones for the human also, for the regular assets through advancements in innovation, social arrangements, political social standards.(Pearce and Atkinson 1993).

Local Exhaust Vehicle Sealing And Insulating Ducts

Question: 1. Reflect on the inter-relationship of all factors involved in the principles of chemical hazard assessment techniques and with critical insight apply them in practice. 2. Critically evaluate chemical risk information from work-based projects and with critical insight recommend justified control measures .Brief: Answer: Introduction Local exhaust ventilation system is an engineering concept which is used in various workplaces for protecting the employees the hazardous material. For an efficient use of ventilation system, it is necessary that the system is designed installed properly. During the welding joints of metal, intense heat is produced high amount of electrode is consumed by the welding machine which produces welding fume. It is a mixture of gasses, metal other hazardous compounds which is not good for health. The welding place consists of very ultra-fine particles which give irritation to eyes. For preventing this various safety measures were taken. For examples, local exhaust ventilation system respiratory wears were the perfect examples of safety measures. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reported that inhalation of welding fumes enhances the probability of Cancer by 13 times then the fresh environment. It all can be minimized by local exhaust ventilation system. Control Whenever we considers control, there is a standard approach. Can this step will change this present condition or all the hazardous chemical agents will be eliminated after using this method. Is the step we are taking is effective or not? So these are the various things which should be keep in mind before taking some safety measures. Installation of any control measures can be very expensive. Before installing an LEV system we should keep in our mind, there is a need of it or not. Once the LEV is installed, then its performance should be checked regularly. So that workers would get the effective environment to work. What is local exhaust ventilation (lev)? It is the simple engineering concept of the exhaust system. It protects employees from hazard gasses. It is the only better option which removes dust highly infected fumes from the workplace. Effective design is necessary for good health of workers. Failure of the system can lead to improper function of the design flow. The Poor designing system can lead to the leakage the work place. Employees should be properly trained so that it is easy to maintain the system. Elements of LEV system Mainly five elements are there in this they are as follows Hood: it is also known as enclosure area. Contaminants are captured in this area. Ducting: this conducts air, which takes the contaminant particles from the hood. Filter: it is also known as an air cleaner.it is the system in which most of the particles are eliminated at this stage. Its essential function is to clean the air. Air mover: it is a system by which fan extracts power. Exhaust or discharge: it helps the extracted air to release at a safe place. Design feature of system for successful control Design requirement for local exhaust ventilation system. Flow rate: flow rate is an essential factor in LEV. It consists of small contaminant particles. It carries dust particles, welding fumes, combustible substances, etc. if these all things are not extracted, then there is a risk of fire explosion. Flammable solvents are also trapped in this system. To prevent this flow rate can be increased to avoid this. Leak-proof: leakage in the suction pipe can create the negative pressure. Due to leakage of air, there is not much sufficient pressure in the pipe. Much pressure can be built if there is no leakage. For avoiding eddy current ducting need to be structured. For efficient ducting there should not be any bands or any right angle turns. The material of construction should be compatible so, that containments should be easily extracted we can take the example of a flammable gas system should not be generated ignition problem. Hood includes some times of enclosures as listed below Biological safety cabinet Ventilated Hooper Pouring Station Movable hood Abrasive blasting steel cabinets Paint spray booth Portable hood with fitters Basically, there are three types of hoods Working Position Working position is the important factor in designing a local exhaust ventilation. If we are standing upright the exhaust pipe, then it is a wrong position to work we have to stand side by the working substance. This hood must be placed below the exhaust pipe so that exhaust gasses be blown out should not inhale by the worker at the time of operation. Hood indicator: It is an indicator by which we can see that the system is performing correctly or not. Biological standards and safety cabinets can also be visible as an indicator. DUCT: hood is connected with the duct. The duct is a kind of the pipeline system by which air passes to outlet frequently. Depending on the complexity of the system pipeline should not be at right angles. With this proper flow of exhaust gasses can be obtained properly. For effective use of ducting the thickness of ducting pipe should be greater so that there will not be any resistance. Our main purpose in ducting to achieve the laminar flow of air. For achieving the laminar flow, there should not be any internal leakage. Nature Of Emission Of Welding Grinding The emission from welding grinding is very dangerous for the workers working in the welding factory. Various types of emissions were produced by welding grinding. Fumes of welding grinding contain a large amount of manganese, fluorine compounds, cobalt, copper, carbon monoxide, etc. these are the various gasses which involved in the emission of welding grinding. Fumes of gasses produced due to chemical reaction, base material, air contaminants, coatings of paint, etc. This type of emission can adversely affect the health of workers working in welding factory. Exposure to welding fumes can make long term health effects. For avoiding the exposure of fumes local exhaust ventilation system has been installed in the company. After installing this system, it is observed that amount of emission from welding grinding is reduced up to a great extent. It can be easily seen in below graph that how much amount of manganese is decreased with the help of local exhaust ventilation system. So from above graph, it is clear that amount of manganese in the air is reduced from 7.23 to .091 which is a great success. So it is proved that installation of this system is very helpful the workers working the factory. Air Filtering, Collection System Air filtering is the system by which contaminated air is filtered by the filters used in LEV systems. Air filter system depends on the type of air contaminants are carried out through the duct. Multi- component system has been installed in this for multiple dust particles. For example, if the size of dust are up to 30 microns, then it is separated by the major filter if the fume particles is above 40 microns then it is separated by the filters. Without causing any exposure, it should be cleaned regularly changed. Fan Or Air Mover The air mover is a fan by which exhaust gasses are blown out. It will need to provide sufficient flow rate. It creates the sufficient duct velocity so that all the contaminant particles throughout from ducts. Air mover fan should not provide a source of ignition. There are mainly three types of fan are commonly used for power extraction Centrifugal: A fan is used in LEV system. It creates large pressure difference so that dusted fumes can be discharged out. Propeller: it is used for general ventilation. It is not suitable for high-pressure resistance. Axial: it is not suitable for dust fumes or small particles. System Discharge Discharge system should be placed so that it does not affect any air supply system. Air being exhausted should not be recirculated into the workplace. Types Of Lev System An LEV System contains inlet, enclosure hood. There are various types of hoods. Which only depend on our requirement. Some of them are as follows receiving hood, partial enclosure, and spray painting hood. Methods Study population: it is a method by which it can be calculated that LEV weather system is sufficient for workers or not. An example is taken of a welding factory in which various measurements were taken before installing the LEV system in this welding factory such as inside temperature were noted, size of fume particles inside, amount of dust fumes, suffocation level, breathing level etc. after taking these measurements LEV system is properly installed after this again particular measurements were taken then the results were incredible there is less suffocation level as compared to earlier, respiratory level increases, level of dust fumes decreases. Sampling determination of welding fume: in this method various samples of dust fumes were taken. The size of particles is in micron. The size particles are measured before LEV I installed sample is taken for 6 to 10 hour only. After this dust concentration is to be determined with the help of Hahn Hebish method. With this step, we can calculate the concentration of dust particles. In this, the limit of deduction is three times the standard deviation of weight difference. Environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity were also considered with the help of calibration. 8 personal samples were taken of respirable welding so that it is to calculate the amount of gas inhaled by the worker during the welding time. Later it was resulted that plasma welding fumes consist of high amount of manganese fumes carbon monoxide which harmful for breathing purposes. Statistical methods: All the calculation was done with the help of SAS software. By observation carried out earlier were inputted in SAS software which analyzes the data. In this statics cannot be computed by the common method. So these are the various method by which we can calculate the efficiency of LEV. Misconceptions There are various misleading concepts regarding LEV, some of them are as follows. Air carrying from the duct system will be drawn from many directions unless it is controlled by the hood. Air flow will be reduced approximately 10% of total volume near by the neck of the hood. Operator body or any obstacle placed in the flow of path can generate dead areas. Duct Surfaces causes resistance in a path flow. We can take the example of an air flow pattern Advantages of LEV System Properly used LEV system will capture the source of emission will protect the employee from exposure. General air volume can be reduced as it is not relied upon the dilute solution. Disadvantage Of Lev System If the system is not placed correctly, then the employee will face exposure in his face. Contaminants drew from the system disposed of safely. From the correct use of systematic employee must be well trained. It should be handled with care otherwise dust exposure can catch fire. Results Local exhaust system development An LEV system is shown above in which emission of welding fumes is carried out by the flexible duct away. We can obtain the desired result only when the hood is kept 15 to 20 cm away from the emission of the path. The average rate of manganese the air is .218 microgram/m. When the LEV system is installed in breathing zone amount of manganese can be reduced by .130 microgram/m. Exposure of manganese can be reduced by 63% with the use of this system. The mobile LEV is shown below. It is more suitable for heavy duty work such as for cutting operation, welding, etc. cloud fumes were very evident in breathing zone which is inhaled by the welder. When LEV is installed amount of manganese, decrease up to a certain level. Which is appropriate for welding workers. Conclusion A local exhaust system is an important system for small shops or field work. It is easily affording by low financial workers. It is a simple effective design for small fields purpose. Maintenance of the system is also low. Due to which it is very reliable in nature. It is very useful for the person who deals with electric arc welding which generates a high amount of fumes. It will also take care of the health of workers working in a factory. So with this, we can conclude that it is very reliable efficient working system. References Aldrich, R.; Puttagunta, S. (2011). Measure Guideline: Sealing and Insulating Ducts in Existing Homes. Norwalk, CT: Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings. Aldrich, R.; Williamson, J. (2013). Evaluation of Retrofit Variable-Speed Furnace Fan Motors. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (In publication) Burgess WA. (1995) Welding. In Burgess WA, editor. Recognition of health hazards in industry. New York: Wiley Interscience Harris MK, Ewing WM, LongoWet al. (2005) Manganese exposures during shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) in an enclosed space. Hewitt PJ. (2001) Strategies for risk assessment and control in welding: challenges for developing countries. Dahmann D, Taeger D, Kappler M et al. (2008b) Assessment of exposure in epidemiological studies Health and Safety Executive. Solder fume and you. INDG248. Sudbury: HSE Books, 1997a ACGIH. (1998) Industrial ventilation: a manual of recommended practice. 23rd edn. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. ACGIH. (1998) Industrial ventilation: a manual of recommended practice. 23rd edn. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Hamid E. Control of fume from hand held soldering using a push-pull ventilation system. MSc thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1995 Gala Rabie M., control system, McGraw Hill Publications, 2007 William F. Milliken, Douglas L. Milliken, Dynamics of control system, SAE Publications, 1995. Welding, retrieved Oct 12, 2006 from www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/welding. American welding society. Jeffersons welding encyclopaedia, 18th Ed. Miami: 1997 Fatigue Design of Welded Joints Components Recommendations of IIW Joint Working Group, 1996 G.S BOOTH improving the fatigue of strength welded joint by grinding, 1985 MANTEGHI, control system its components, June 1988 Bibliography Barley, C.D., R. Anderson, R. Hendron, E. Hancock. (2007). A Test Protocol for Room-to-Room Distribution of Outside Air by Residential Ventilation Systems. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-550-31548. www.nrel.gov/buildings/pdfs/31548.pdf. Accessed May 31, 2011. [DOE] U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy. (2010). Guide to Home Ventilation. Washington, DC: US DOE. https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/guide_to_home_ventilation.pdf. Accessed July 29, 2013. Holladay, M. (2009). Designing a Good Ventilation System. Musings of an Energy Nerd. Green Building Advisor. www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/designing-good-ventilation-system. Accessed June 25, 2012. National Center for Healthy Housing. (2009). Improving Ventilation in Multi-family Buildings that Do Not have Fan-Powered Ventilation. Columbia, MD: National Center for Healthy Housing. www.nchh.org/Portals/0/Contents/Factsheet_Ventilation%201.pdf. Accessed July 31, 2013. NPCC (2011). Residential Weatherization Specifications. Portland, OR: Northwest Power and Conservation Council, Regional Technical Forum. www.nwcouncil.org/energy/rtf/subcommittees/res/Approved%20WX%20Specs%208%2030%202011.pdf. Accessed June 25, 2012. Reardon, J.T.; Shaw, C.Y. (1997). Evaluation of Five Simple Ventilation Strategies Suitable for Houses without Forced-Air Heating. ASHRAE Transactions, 103, (1), pp. 731-744. Rudd, A.; Lstiburek, J.; Townsend, A. (2009). A Method for Modifying Ventilation Airflow Rates to Achieve Equivalent Occupant Exposure. ASHRAE Transactions, v. 115, 2. Russell, M.; Sherman, M.; Rudd, A. (2005). Review of Residential Ventilation Technologies. LBNL 57730. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Sakaguchi, J.; Akabayashi, S. (1998). Experimental Study on Air Exchange Efficiency in Houses with Central Ventilation Systems. Proceedings, Roomvent 98, 6th International Conference on Air Distribution in Rooms, Stockholm, Sweden, June 14-17, 1998. Sherman, M.; Walker, I. (2007). Air Distribution Effectiveness for Different Mechanical Ventilation Systems. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LBNL-62700. https://eetd.lbl.gov/ie/pdf/LBNL-62700.pdf. Accessed June 14, 2011.

Reflective Practitioner free essay sample

The literature of reflective practice is widely discussed regardless of different professional fields especially in the aspects of the definition of the term ‘reflective practice’ itself, the methods or means to achieve a stage of becoming a reflective practitioner, and the relations of how reflective practice can be incorporated into particular professional fields. This literature is given such attention because it can bring great advantages to the development of many professional fields. This is not to claim that ‘unreflective practice’ does not have any advantages, instead doing a reflective practice may give more advantages rather than not doing it (Wallace, 1991: 54). Therefore, this essay will discuss in details the reflective practice theory in the teaching profession in comparison with the other professional development models and then the activities that can be carried out in order for teachers to become a reflective practitioner in the next five years time in light of the extended professional roles of the teacher and ethical dimensions of teaching in Malaysian context. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Practitioner or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reflective models which will be focused in this essay will be Schon, Kolb and Wallace’s. The ‘reflective practice’ model term was proposed or introduced by Schon in 1983. He has divided a reflection process into two different ways which are ‘reflection in-action’ and ‘reflection on-action’ (Finlay, 2008). The difference between these two ways of reflection is the matter of when the reflection process takes place; whether it happens during the events or after the events has taken place. Schon’s ideas about reflective practice has then been expanded and discussed by Kolb, Gibbs, Johns, Rofle, Wallace, Moon and others by using their own interpretations about this concept. Kolb (1984) has established his own reflective model cycle by focusing on the four main processes that will occur continuously in one’s professional development. The process will happen after the ‘reflective observation’ is done on the ‘concrete experience’ and then consequently, the result of the reflection will suggest an ‘abstract concept’ or hypothesis to be put into the ‘active experiment’ in the later stage (Moon,1999:24-25). After that, the result of the experiment will become a ‘concrete experience’ for the next cycle of developing one in his or her profession. Meanwhile, according to Wallace (1991), in order to become a reflective practitioner, one needs to undergo two stages; ‘pre-training stage’ and ‘professional education and development stage’ (p. 49). The first stage that he proposed is actually the schemata or the mental constructs of the trainees on the profession that they are engaged in or will be engaged in (ibid). The second stage is the stage where the trainees will apply their ‘received knowledge’ and their ‘experiential knowledge’ into practice and then reflect upon it reciprocally (ibid). However, it is important to take note that Schon, Kolb and Wallace still share the same principles albeit they describe the reflective model in different ways. The same principles that they share can be concluded as the main characteristics of what we call reflective practice model. From the three views, it can be deduced that a reflective practice is a continuous learning process which will help one to self-develop from time to time. This is because no one will be a perfect reflective practitioner. This explains why Kolb and Wallace have illustrated their beliefs about reflective practice as a cycle that has no ending. Another significant principle of reflective practice that can be inferred by comparing their models or views is that it must have some kind of input (which can be obtained either outside or inside the professional context) before the reflection process can really happen. The reason is because without input, what is there for students to reflect on? In the context of pre-service teacher programme, even the knowledge that the trainees have about teaching by observing how their teachers teach them when they were students itself can be considered as an input (schemata). The input or the information that the trainees have will be changed into knowledge if a reflection process happens. But, more importantly, the input is very crucial in determining the quality of reflection that will happen. This principle can be demonstrated in all the three models. The last characteristic of reflective practice that can be obtained from their views is that it involves experience of doing or practicing something. In Kolb’s model, the process of experiencing events occur after the active experiment of the abstract concept. Wallace also agrees with this view when he includes the ‘experiential knowledge’ that interacts with both schemata and the received knowledge that the trainees have into his reflective practice model. Not only that, Schon’s reflection on-action model also in the same way emphasising the importance of experience in order to do a reflective practice in which the trainees have to go through the events first before doing a reflection. The experience is therefore becomes the input or the sources for trainees to reflect on. Thus, based on the discussion of reflective practice characteristics, it can be pointed out that the model is closely linked with the theories of constructivism and autonomy. Constructivists, in relation to reflective model believe that the knowledge gained from the real experience is crucial and reliable for the learning process to occur where trainees will actually construct their own knowledge from the experience based on the environment that they live in (Hein,1991). This is similar to reflective model which stresses on the importance of experiential knowledge as a source of their reflection. Moreover, reflective model is also related with one of the current theories that emphasises on self-learning through active reflection. So the core similarity between reflective practice and autonomy is that the main factor for the learning process to take place is on the students or the trainees themselves (Holec,1981). They are the one who will be doing the reflection and deciding how the product of the reflection will be used for their own development. In relation to the teaching profession generally, the activities which associated with reflective practice may include the journal writing, collaborative activities between peers and research. Journal writing activities can actually help the teachers to keep their teaching routine recorded on the daily, weekly or monthly basis. By writing a journal, teachers can reflect on their teaching and check their improvements in teachings from time to time. Collaborative activities between peer teachers such as lesson studies, collaborative research or conferences can also be useful in order for teachers to exchange ideas or to obtain new inputs from people in the same profession. The inputs might be the students’ views about certain approaches that teacher uses in classroom or the problems that might arise in the future students context. Consequently, these kinds of input will then be integrated with the teachers’ own views and be interpreted according to their own understanding before being applied into their students’ context (Wallace,1991:50). From the discussion, we know that reflective practice model is an important element or methods that should be applied by people who want to be professionally developed. However, one has to know that reflective model is not the only way to achieve the aim of professional development, instead there are other models of professional development that can be applied by people regardless of their profession fields. One of the models is the Craft model. This model is contrasted with the reflective model in terms of the core belief of the model which can also explain the theories related to it, activities associated in order to achieve the stage of a professional competence and drawbacks of the models. The Craft model holds the belief that knowledge is transferred like a jug and mug theory (Malone,2003). From its perspective, professional competence can be achieved when a trainee has successfully copied or followed the experts of their professional fields through activities like observation and imitation (Wallace,1991:6). During the observation process, the teacher trainees will take notes on how their teachers or lecturers teach them in the classroom and then in the future they will use the same methods that their teacher have used to their students. However, reflective model believes that professional competence can be achieved by incorporating all the knowledge that learners have (either received or experiential or schemata) into a continuous practice and active reflection process. This is to demonstrate that the power of knowledge in learning is not only on the teachers’ hand alone, rather on the learners as well. In relation to the theory of learning, obviously, as imitation is the major concern of this model, it can be linked with the behaviourism theory. In contrast, the reflective model is intertwined with the constructivism theory as it has a two ways relationship between practice and reflection that is reciprocal in nature. It can be said that the main difference between these two models is the ways of practice that both models highlighted on where the practice for Craft model is unreflective practice and the practice for reflective model is vice versa. The unreflective practice in Craft model has the advantages in terms of confidence building and the consolidation of the professional context (Wallace,1991:54). However, if the Craft model is compared to the reflective model, the latter have more advantages because the traditional concept like an ‘apprentice-expert model’ (Day,1992) can no longer be considered suitable for all aspects of learning in the current situation as society is dynamic and always changes. In my opinion, because the reflective model is continuous and flexible in nature, it will be the best model for my professional development especially in the context of teaching. As a novice English teacher, it is significant for me to become a reflective practitioner because the Malaysian Teacher Standard (Standard Guru Malaysia) requires all teachers to achieve certain levels of professional competence in order to offer and ensure the high quality education for Malaysian students at the present and in the future. In addition, by being a reflective practitioner, teachers can carry a role of a researcher in which it is one of the extended roles of teachers as described by Joginder Singh (2005). According to her, a role of a researcher here means that teachers are responsible to do research on their teaching practice and their students’ learning frequently in order to ‘enhance the quality’ of teaching and learning in their classroom (ibid:292). Not only that, by being a reflective practitioner, teacher’s role as a manager of learning can also be carried in which teachers have to ensure that their teaching practice can help to achieve the learning outcomes by using well-planned lessons that are suitable for different context of students (ibid). Hence, to fulfill the Malaysian Teacher Standard requirement and to carry the roles of teachers as a researcher and a manager, I have to start carrying out activities which will facilitate me in becoming a reflective practitioner in the next five years of my career. One of the activities is producing an electronics portfolio (e-portfolio). This activity incorporates technology into the process of teachers’ learning. E-portfolio can be presented or collected in many formats such as audio, video, graphic and text either online or vice versa (Barnett, 2000). In my case as an English teacher novice, the content of the e-portfolio that I will produce may include the video recordings of my teaching in the classroom, the images of the important moments captured during the teaching activities, the documents of tasks or texts used by teachers for students in the classroom or any other documents such as the feedbacks which are obtained from the students after or before the teaching process. This kind of activity is actually useful for me in order to keep my teaching data recorded and it will be easy for me to refer to it in the future. Furthermore, an e-portfolio is livelier and can show more concrete evidence to be used as a source of reflection as compared to journal writing or written portfolio. Besides that, another advantage of using e-portfolio is that it is easy to be updated since the process of collecting data can save a lot of time. As lied out by Danielson and Abrutyn (1997, in Barnett, 2000), there are four processes in developing an e-portfolio; collection, selection, reflection, and projection. By doing this four processes, I will produce not only an updated e-portfolio, but also will be successful in achieving the teachers’ role as a manager since the four processes are actually developing my professional skills in managing my teaching practice in the classroom context. Another useful activity is by carrying out a number of action researches that which will help me to be a reflective practitioner in order to carry the roles of a teacher as a researcher. The action researches are the small scales researches that use methods like ‘case studies, questionnaires, observation, interviews’ and etc which are usually done on the teachers’ own classroom context (Joginder Singh,2005:292). It is easy to be done since it does not require permission from authorities, or in the least permissible to carried out. The research done should aim to find out the most effective methods of teaching to be applied by the teachers in the classroom or anything related to the creation of an effective classroom learning (Wallace,1999). Hopefully, the results of this activity will not only achieve this aim, but at the same time it will help in the development of the teachers’ professionalism. It is actually ‘an extension of the normal reflective practice of many teachers, but it is slightly more rigorous [since it involves the students whom they themselves are teaching] and [this] might conceivably lead to more effective outcomes’ (ibid:56). Thus, by carrying out numerous action researches, I will be engaged in and will be familiarised with reflecting activity as part of the learning process. Therefore, I believe that I will become a good reflective practitioner to achieve certain aims as an English teacher novice in Malaysia context. In conclusion, using a reflective model as the main reference to enhance one’s professional development seems to be appropriate and effective in the Malaysian context provided that the three principles that can facilitate reflective practice lined out by Wildman and Niles (1987) in Moon (1999) are satisfied.

The E-Commerce Environment Of Singapore Essays - Republics

The E-Commerce Environment Of Singapore Geography The Republic of Singapore is located in southeast Asia, south of Malaysia and northwest of Indonesia. The island measures a total of 637 square kilometers with a coastline 193 kilometers long. Singapore is generally comprised of lowland areas with a central plateau in the middle of the island. Its elevation ranges from the Bukit Timah, (166 m.), to the Singapore Strait which is at sea level. Its climate is tropical and wet. Precipitation occurs on 40% of all days, (70% of days in April). Singapore's two biggest natural recourses are its fishing industry, and its deep water ports. Singapore is also a focal point for most Southeast Asian sea routes. History Singapore was originally settled by Great Britain in 1819 as a port of call. The British used Singapore to extend their territories in Indonesia. It remained under British rule until 1941 when Japan bombed and captured Singapore. After three years of Japanese rule, British forces returned to the island. By this time Singapore was longing for self-government. Singapore realized its need for independence in 1959 holding its first general election. The new, independent Singapore was voted into the United Nations in 1965. On December 22, 1965, Singapore became a republic electing Yusof bin Ishak as its first president. Infrastructure In Singapore's short life as a republic, it has developed a sound infrastructure. In the way of transportation, Singapore has a total of 105 kilometers of railways used for commercial and personal transportation. It has also built over 3,000 kilometers of highways, 2,936 of which are paved. Singapore also boasts a 67 kilometer mass transit system with 42 stations. The mass transit system is the preferred means of travel in Singapore due to the fact that only one of every ten people own an automobile. Singapore produces 28 billion kilowatts of electricity annually. One hundred percent of Singapore's electricity is produced by means of fossil fuel. An estimated 97% of all residents live in households with electricity and running water. Singapore's leading industries include: electronics, petroleum refining, oil drilling equipment, rubber products and rubber processing, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, biotechnology, and financial services. Technological Infrastructure for E-commerce Singapore has a business environment that is conducive to the support of the E-commerce environment. The E-commerce environment consists of the physical internet network, components, and internet services. The environment also includes a collection of supports and incentives to assist and promote the on-line community. Internet Awareness and Usage Approximately Ninety-two percent of adults aged 18 to 55 years old are aware of the Internet. About one third (32%) of the total population have used the internet. This gives Singapore roughly 667,000 adult internet users. However, only 13% of internet users have ever made online purchases. When surveyed only 21% of internet users were aware that these services existed. The bulk of the population uses the internet primarily for information searches and electronic mail (38% and 30% respectively) Infrastructure Services In order to develop, E-businesses need an operating environment including network services, payment services, and trust systems. The information technology industry in Singapore has been working with the government to develop online payment systems, security systems, directory services, and other E-commerce services essential to a developing online industry. Connectivity Singapore has a 45 Mbps (Megabytes per second) direct connection the US Internet system. The Singapore Telecom Internet Exchange (STIX) is an Asian-Pacific Rim internet hub connecting 15 countries with sub-marine fiber optic cables. The STIX boasts a 34 Mbps connection and provides high-speed, quality internet service to corporate users and internet service providers. Other service providers such as Pacific internet and Cyberway provide a high bandwidth connection to Japan and direct most of the regional internet traffic. Laws and Regulations Pro-business and E-business regulations are vital to the growth of E-commerce. The government of Singapore has committed itself to creating an on-line environment of certainty, predictability, and trust so internet companies feel secure in conducting online business. In 1997 the Evidence Act was amended to include electronic records as admissible evidence in courts. In July of 1998 the ETA (Electronic Transactions Act) was created. The ETA provides a legal foundation for collecting electronic signatures. This provides certainty and validity to contracts formed on-line. Singapore's government has also taken steps

Psychology In Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films

Psychology In Lord Of The Flies Essays - English-language Films Psychology in Lord of the Flies In Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, a group of schoolboys become stranded on an island. The novel describes how most of the boys change from civilized to immoral behavior. There are no adults on this island to enforce rules and laws. As the boys loose touch with the standards of old they start to enjoy the island more and more. Eventually they are completely free of the civilized ways they were taught. When Simon came with news about the beast the others were dancing around a fire chanting, "Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood!" They turned on him, beating him to death. They had, in fact, become the beast themselves. Like animals they had lost the feelings of compassion and remorse. The book is a psychological study of the influence of the group on the behavior of individuals. Upon arriving on the island the boys search for the necessities to stay alive. As in the psychologist Abraham Maslow's theory of human needs each step must be satisfied before you go to the next stage. The island provided plenty of food and water, satisfying their basic needs of stage one. The stranded schoolboys tried to find security by finding a way to make fire. Gradually they began to develop some rules and leaders. At an assembly only the person holding the conch could speak. As their physical needs had been fulfilled they began to form groups. According to the theory this is stage three when people want to be a part of a group and to be loved. At that point they chose to be a part of Jack's hunters or Ralph's boys. In the final stage a person learns to undertand himself and respect the rights of others. Jack was the leader of the choir and kept them obedient to his command. In Carl Jung's theories Jack is in touch with his shadow, which are the animal instincts of man. Jack put the boys in touch with their evil side. He manipulated the boys of his group with fear of the beast so that he could gain power. He convinced them that he was the one that could protect them from the beast. Jack was even willing to kill to keep his power. Piggy was the scapegoat on the island. At most times he was excluded by most of the boys. He seemed like the odd man out who wanted order and rules on the island. Piggy was an important figure because of his glasses. His glasses were needed to make fire. Fire was very useful on the island. Although important he was put down by the boys because he didn't fit in. The boys were rebellious to him because he acted like a parent. He told them what they should do but didn't have the authority to make them follow through on their jobs. Ralph was the responsible leader. He wanted to bring rules and order to the island. He lived by self respect and the respect for others; stage four of Maslow's theory. Ralph was logical in his decision making but the boys rebelled against him because of his orderly job related ideas on running the island. He wanted to keep the fire going and stay concerned about getting rescued. He set up systems for the work that needed to be done. By the end the boys had become war-like beasts trying to hunt down Ralph. Their society was in a state of war. They followed Jack's orders without any question. Is it possible that William Golding used this story to explain the psychology of what happened in Nazi Germany? The author was an officer in the Royal Navy in World War II. What happens on the island is similar to what happened in Nazi Germany. One person develops a dictatorship and exercises unlimited power. Ordinary people in Germany followed Hitler and lost their willingness to act responsibly as individuals. They were manipulated by fear and symbols just as Jack used the pig's head as his symbol. In this way the moral code of a whole society broke down. It shows that there is little separation between man and beast.

DNA and the Human Genome Project essays

DNA and the Human Genome Project essays What is the Human Genome Project? To understand the HGP one must know what a genome is. A genome is all the DNA in an organism including its genes. The genes carry information for making all the proteins needed by all organisms. The proteins establish what the organisms look like, how it fights infection, and how the organisms behave. This is a project with a 13-year effort that was begun in October 1990. This project has been planned to last 15 years, but because of all the technological advances, the expected completion date is now 2003. this project has five main goals to base the research upon. One is to distinguish all the approximate 100,000 genes in human DNA. Two is to be able to establish the sequences of the 3 billion chemical bases that make up the human DNA. They are also going to use this information and store it in databases as a third goal. The fourth goal is to create tools for data analysis. As a fifth and final goal, they are going to direct specific time to the eth ical, legal, social issues that may be brought up by this project. The most important goal of the HGP is to obtain the DNA sequences of 3 billion DNA subunits present in the human DNA. The US HGP is lead by Ari Patrinos, which is head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The progress toward HGP sequencing goals is 47% of 3 billion DNA base pairs. The working draft sequence goal is going to be 90% by the summer of 2000. The finished high-quality sequence is expected to be 100% by the year 2003. There are many laboratories around the US Receiving funding from either the Department of Energy or the National Institute of Health and sometimes both. The most funding for research is at numerous colleges, universities 33 in all, and laboratories. At certain times the Department of Energy funds about 200 separate principal investigators for the research provided for the HGP. The major HGP investigators are laboratories and 6 universities. The ...

Visas de turista, trabajo y estudio solo para mexicanos

Visas de turista, trabajo y estudio solo para mexicanos Obviamente, los  mexicanos pueden obtener todas las visas americanas disponibles para todo e mundo. Adems, tienen visas disponibles solo para esos nacionales para visitar, trabajar y estudiar. Todas esas ventajas afectan a visas no inmigrantes. Por el contrario, en las visas de inmigrantes para obtener la green card los mexicanos resultan perjudicados. En este artà ­culo se explican por un lado, los  caminos abiertos a mexicanos con  ms facilidades y, por otro,  tambià ©n los caminos cerrados. Visas de turista para los mexicanos Los mexicanos pueden obtener las visas de turista y de negocios conocidas como B1/B2 que aplican a todos los extranjeros. Pero adems, si viven en la zona fronteriza con Estados Unidos, pueden solicitar si asà ­ lo prefieren una visa lser  que tambià ©n se conoce como tarjeta de cruce. Hay que tener claro que las lser son muy cà ³modas para cruzar la frontera de una manera rpida. Pero tienen importantes limitaciones que las distinguen de las visa que se sellan en el pasaporte. Por ejemplo, con una visa lser la estancia en Estados Unidos no puede ser superior a 30 dà ­as. Adems, est limitada la entrada a 25 millas a contar desde la frontera. Con la excepcià ³n de ciertos puertos fronterizos como Nogales o Douglas que permiten internarse en el interior de EEUU hasta 75 millas. Adems, es muy importante saber que sà ³lo se pueden utilizar en puestos aduaneros terrestres. No sirven para viajar a Estados Unidos por barco o avià ³n. Por à ºltimo, estas visas tambià ©n las pueden solicitar los extranjeros que residen legalmente en Mà ©xico y tienen su domicilio en la zona fronteriza. Visas de trabajo para mexicanos Adems de las visas de trabajo disponibles para todos los extranjeros, existen visados que sà ³lo aplican a los mexicanos o a un grupo limitado de nacionales de ciertos paà ­ses entre los que se encuentra Mà ©xico. Los profesionales pueden acceder a una visa TN, creada al amparo del Tratado de Libre Comercio de Norteamà ©rica (NAFTA). Tienen una tramitacià ³n especial y pueden beneficiar a un amplio abanico de profesiones que se encuentran listadas en Apà ©ndice 1603.D.1 y que son estas 60. Para poder solicitarla, es preciso tener una oferta de trabajo a tiempo completo o parcial. Est expresamente prohibido el autoempleo. Adems, existen visas no inmigrantes para trabajar temporalmente en Estados Unidos a las que pueden acceder los nacionales de ciertos paà ­ses, entre ellos los mexicanos, que de hecho son la nacionalidad con ms visas aprobadas en las categorà ­as H-2A y H2-B. Por ejemplo, las H-2B  sirven  trabajar en una gran variedad de empleos, muchos de ellos en el sector turà ­stico y que no requieren de estudios superiores. Para esta categorà ­a se pueden ofertar un mximo de 66.000 mil visas por aà ±o fiscal. Generalmente se conceden por un aà ±o, pudià ©ndose extender hasta un mximo de tres. Adems, estn las H-2A para trabajar en el sector de la agricultura. El cà ³nyuge y los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os de una persona a la que se le dà © esta visa pueden viajar con à ©l o con ella a Estados Unidos, si bien tienen prohibido trabajar mientras dure su estancia. Pero lo hijos podrn estudiar en las escuelas americanas. Este es un listado de ms de 60 reclutadores mexicanos de trabajadores temporeros para trabajar en Estados Unidos. Diferentes a las visas de trabajo son las de inversià ³n, pero permiten trabajar en la empresa que se crea. Los mexicanos pueden acceder a las E-1 para empresas de import/export y a las E-2, donde hay que tener claro desde el principio cà ³mo entender el monto de capital que se debe invertir.   Las visas de inversià ³n E-1 y E-2 pueden ser disfrutadas, adems, por ciudadanos de otros paà ­ses, pero no de todos. Visas para estudiar en Estados Unidos Adems de las tà ­picas F-1 y M-1, los mexicanos y los canadienses que viven a lo largo de sus respectivas fronteras con Estados Unidos pueden estudiar en este paà ­s con una visa F-3. Esas visas son atractivas pero tambià ©n tienen inconvenientes, como por ejemplo que sà ³lo se pueden utilizar para estudiar en escuelas y universidades que estn a un mximo de 75 millas de la frontera. Cà ³mo acelerar el paso por el control migratorio de Estados Unidos Los mexicanos pueden formar parte de programas que permiten un pase ms rpido por el control de las autoridades de Inmigracià ³n de los Estados Unidos.   Para las fronteras terrestres y marà ­timas, se puede utilizar SENTRI, mientras que para ingresar a USA por un aeropuerto el programa correcto es Global Entry. Malas noticias para mexicanos En los prrafos anteriores se seà ±alaron importantes ventajas para mexicanos. Sin embargo, no todo son buenas noticias. Y es que la alta tasa de inmigracià ³n mexicana en los Estados Unidos provoca que en algunas categorà ­as migratorias debe esperar ms aà ±os para emigrar o, simplemente, algunos caminos les està ©n prohibidos. Por ejemplo, los mexicanos, junto con los indios, chinos y filipinos deben esperar ms aà ±os que el resto de nacionalidades en ciertas peticiones de familia, como por ejemplo las peticiones de ciudadano para hermanos o hijos casados o hijos mayores de 21 aà ±os. Asimismo, no pueden participar en la loterà ­a de visas de la diversidad, que permite obtener la green card a los ganadores de un sorteo. Este es un artà ­culo legal, es meramente informativo.

Operation Anaconda 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Operation Anaconda 2 - Essay Example The unique geographical setting of The Gardez-Khost -Shahi-Kot areas in Afghanistan, which consist of harsh climate and high altitude, fostered the growth of Taliban and Al-Qaeda militants. So, the research and task collection conducted by various intelligence organizations under the direct control of United States Army Special Forces and Joint Special Operations Command proved much important to the Operation Anaconda. Several intelligence agencies like Central intelligence agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) played significant role in different levels of the operation. For instance, CIA paramilitary forces participated in the mission among special operation forces. Other agencies are: Bureau of intelligence and research, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), Imagery Intelligence, National Reconnaissance Office, National Geospatial-Intelligence, signal intelligence, Human Intelligence, (HUMINT) and SOF military Reconnaissance. The Special reconnaissance (SR), controll ed by small division of well qualified military workforce played the crucial role in research and task collection stages. So, one can see that the research and task collection conducted by various intelligence organizations in the Gardez-Khost Shahi-Kot areas prove the strengths and limitations of various intelligence organizations in critical situations. Human intelligence (HUMINT) is the oldest method of intelligence service which collects information from human source. The most important and famous intelligence department in the united state is the CIA. During Operation Anaconda, The combined joined task force mountain’s intelligence wing relied upon human intelligence. But in Gardez-Khost -Shahi-Kot areas, the human intelligence personal failed to recognize the exact number of militants and their strength. The Signals intelligence (SIGINT) provided information on presence of Taliban leaders

Learning Plan 3 Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Plan 3 Assessment - Essay Example Let’s say you are considering the purchase of a new car and you want to see how the interest rate impacts your monthly payment. The car is priced at $ 20,000, you want to finance it for five years (60 months), and the dealer is making an initial offer to you at a rate of 6% while your bank will loan you the money for 4.7%. Then, as you negotiate your deal with the car sales manager, you discover that the manufacturer is offering a rate of 2.2% if you buy the car in the next three days. As demonstrated in the chart below, the interest rate impacts the amount of money you will pay each month: The row labeled interest rate is the value that is changed in Goal seek. After setting the formula to calculate monthly payments for the parameters described above, simply click on Tools, Goal Seek. Excel will provide a pop-up window to allow you to determine which field is to be affected by your what-if scenario. In the â€Å"set cell† field, simply click on the cell that has the payment amount in it. Skip over the â€Å"To value† section and click in the â€Å"By changing cell.† At that point, click on the cell that has the interest rate variable and click â€Å"okay.† You will then be able to change the interest rate and, each time you do so, the payment will change to show you the payment associated with the altered interest rate. In the table above, the three possible interest rates offered by the dealership, bank, and manufacturer are shown, and the corresponding payments indicate the difference the rates make. It is intuitive that the lower the int erest rate the lower the payment, but the Goal Seek tool allows you to see that there is a difference of over $ 30.00 per month between the rates offered. This is just a simple example of what Goal Seek can do, and the models used by most business analysts are much more complicated than the one shown here. The advantage of Goal Seek is that it allows the